This textbook is not intended to be an exhaustive treatise; rather, it is intended to be far more useful than that for beginning tax law students by equipping the novice not merely with unmoored detail but rather with a rich blueprint that illuminates the deeper structural framework on which that detail hangs (sometimes crookedly). Chapter 1 outlines the conceptual meaning of the term “income” for uniquely tax purposes (as opposed to financial accounting or trust law purposes, for example) and examines the Internal Revenue Code provisions that translate this larger conceptual construct into positive law. Chapter 2 explores various forms of consumption taxation because the modern Internal Revenue Code is best perceived as a hybrid income-consumption tax that also contains many provisions—for wise or unwise nontax policy reasons—that are inconsistent with both forms of taxation. Chapter 3 then provides students with the story of how we got to where we are today, important context about the distribution of the tax burden, the budget, and economic trends, as well as material on ethical debates, economic theories, and politics as they affect taxation.

Armed with this larger blueprint, students are then in a much better position to see how the myriad pieces that follow throughout the remaining 19 chapters fit into this bigger picture, whether comfortably or uncomfortably. For example, they are in a better position to appreciate how applying the income tax rules for debt to a debt-financed investment afforded more favorable consumption tax treatment creates tax arbitrage problems. Congress and the courts then must combat these tax shelter opportunities (sometimes ineffectively) with both statutory and common law weapons. Stated another way, students are in a better position to appreciate how the tax system can sometimes be used to generate (or combat) unfair and economically inefficient rent-seeking behavior.

This task presents an opportunity to explore a more general and non-algebraic view of functions.

U.S. History is designed to meet the scope and sequence requirements of most introductory courses. The text provides a balanced approach to U.S. history, considering the people, events, and ideas that have shaped the United States from both the top down (politics, economics, diplomacy) and bottom up (eyewitness accounts, lived experience). U.S. History covers key forces that form the American experience, with particular attention to issues of race, class, and gender.

 U.S. History is designed to meet the scope and sequence requirements of most introductory courses. The text provides a balanced approach to U.S. history, considering the people, events, and ideas that have shaped the United States from both the top down (politics, economics, diplomacy) and bottom up (eyewitness accounts, lived experience). U.S. History covers key forces that form the American experience, with particular attention to issues of race, class, and gender.Senior Contributing AuthorsP. Scott Corbett, Ventura CollegeVolker Janssen, California State University, FullertonJohn M. Lund, Keene State CollegeTodd Pfannestiel, Clarion UniversityPaul Vickery, Oral Roberts UniversitySylvie Waskiewicz

By the end of this section, you will be able to:Describe the terms of the Wilmot ProvisoDiscuss why the Free-Soil Party objected to the westward expansion of slaveryExplain why sectional and political divisions in the United States grewDescribe the terms of the Compromise of 1850

By the end of this section, you will be able to:Explain why American settlers in Texas sought independence from MexicoDiscuss early attempts to make Texas independent of MexicoDescribe the relationship between Anglo-Americans and Tejanos in Texas before and after independence

Lewis and ClarkThe Missouri CrisisIndependence for TexasThe Mexican-American War, 1846–1848Free Soil or Slave? The Dilemma of the West

By the end of this section, you will be able to:Explain the significance of the Louisiana PurchaseDescribe the terms of the Adams-Onís TreatyDescribe the role played by the filibuster in American expansion

By the end of this section, you will be able to:Identify the causes of the Mexican-American WarDescribe the outcomes of the war in 1848, especially the Mexican CessionDescribe the effect of the California Gold Rush on westward expansion

By the end of this section, you will be able to:Explain why the North and South differed over the admission of Missouri as a stateExplain how the admission of new states to the Union threatened to upset the balance between free and slave states in Congress

By the end of this section, you will be able to:Explain how economic power helped to expand America’s empire in ChinaDescribe how the foreign partitioning of China in the last decade of the nineteenth century influenced American policy

Turner, Mahan, and the Roots of EmpireThe Spanish-American War and Overseas EmpireEconomic Imperialism in East AsiaRoosevelt’s “Big Stick” Foreign PolicyTaft’s “Dollar Diplomacy”

By the end of this section, you will be able to:Explain the meaning of “big stick” foreign policyDescribe Theodore Roosevelt’s use of the “big stick” to construct the Panama CanalExplain the role of the United States in ending the Russo-Japanese War

By the end of this section, you will be able to:Explain how William Howard Taft used American economic power to protect the nation’s interests in its new empire

By the end of this section, you will be able to:Explain the origins and events of the Spanish-American WarAnalyze the different American opinions on empire at the conclusion of the Spanish-American WarDescribe how the Spanish-American War intersected with other American expansions to solidify the nation’s new position as an empire

By the end of this section, you will be able to:Explain the evolution of American interest in foreign affairs from the end of the Civil War through the early 1890sIdentify the contributions of Frederick Jackson Turner and Alfred Thayer Mahan to the conscious creation of an American empire

By the end of this section, you will be able to:Explain how the status of organized labor changed during the First World WarDescribe how the lives of women and African Americans changed as a result of American participation in World War IExplain how America’s participation in World War I allowed for the passage of prohibition and women’s suffrage