By the end of this section, you will be able to:Describe the structure of eukaryotic cellsCompare animal cells with plant cellsState the role of the plasma membraneSummarize the functions of the major cell organelles
By the end of this section, you will be able to:Name examples of prokaryotic and eukaryotic organismsCompare and contrast prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cellsDescribe the relative sizes of different kinds of cellsExplain why cells must be small
By the end of this section, you will be able to:Describe the role of cells in organismsCompare and contrast light microscopy and electron microscopySummarize cell theory
By the end of this section, you will be able to:Describe the cytoskeletonCompare the roles of microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubulesCompare and contrast cilia and flagellaSummarize the differences among the components of prokaryotic cells, animal cells, and plant cells
By the end of this section, you will be able to:List the components of the endomembrane systemRecognize the relationship between the endomembrane system and its functions
By the end of this section, you will be able to:Discuss the ways in which carbohydrate metabolic pathways, glycolysis, and the citric acid cycle interrelate with protein and lipid metabolic pathwaysExplain why metabolic pathways are not considered closed systems
By the end of this section, you will be able to:Discuss the importance of electrons in the transfer of energy in living systemsExplain how ATP is used by the cell as an energy source
By the end of this section, you will be able to:Describe the overall result in terms of molecules produced in the breakdown of glucose by glycolysisCompare the output of glycolysis in terms of ATP molecules and NADH molecules produced
By the end of this section, you will be able to:Discuss the fundamental difference between anaerobic cellular respiration and fermentationDescribe the type of fermentation that readily occurs in animal cells and the conditions that initiate that fermentation
By the end of this section, you will be able to:Explain how a circular pathway, such as the citric acid cycle, fundamentally differs from a linear pathway, such as glycolysisDescribe how pyruvate, the product of glycolysis, is prepared for entry into the citric acid cycle
By the end of this section, you will be able to:Describe how electrons move through the electron transport chain and what happens to their energy levelsExplain how a proton (H+) gradient is established and maintained by the electron transport chain
By the end of this section, you will be able to:Describe how feedback inhibition would affect the production of an intermediate or product in a pathwayIdentify the mechanism that controls the rate of the transport of electrons through the electron transport chain
By the end of this section, you will be able to:Explain the role of ATP as the cellular energy currencyDescribe how energy is released through hydrolysis of ATP
By the end of this section, you will be able to:Explain what metabolic pathways are and describe the two major types of metabolic pathwaysDiscuss how chemical reactions play a role in energy transfer
By the end of this section, you will be able to:Describe the role of enzymes in metabolic pathwaysExplain how enzymes function as molecular catalystsDiscuss enzyme regulation by various factors
By the end of this section, you will be able to:Define “energy”Explain the difference between kinetic and potential energyDiscuss the concepts of free energy and activation energyDescribe endergonic and exergonic reactions
By the end of this section, you will be able to:Discuss the concept of entropyExplain the first and second laws of thermodynamics