By the end of this section, you will be able to:Describe the role of fungi in the ecosystemDescribe mutualistic relationships of fungi with plant roots and photosynthetic organismsDescribe the beneficial relationship between some fungi and insects

By the end of this section, you will be able to:Describe fungal parasites and pathogens of plantsDescribe the different types of fungal infections in humansExplain why antifungal therapy is hampered by the similarity between fungal and animal cells

By the end of this section, you will be able to:Describe the importance of fungi to the balance of the environmentSummarize the role of fungi in food and beverage preparationDescribe the importance of fungi in the chemical and pharmaceutical industriesDiscuss the role of fungi as model organisms

By the end of this section, you will be able to:Interpret the metazoan phylogenetic treeDescribe the types of data that scientists use to construct and revise animal phylogenyList some of the relationships within the modern phylogenetic tree that have been discovered as a result of modern molecular data

By the end of this section, you will be able to:Explain the differences in animal body plans that support basic animal classificationCompare and contrast the embryonic development of protostomes and deuterostomes

By the end of this section, you will be able to:List the features that distinguish the kingdom Animalia from other kingdomsExplain the processes of animal reproduction and embryonic developmentDescribe the roles that Hox genes play in development

By the end of this section, you will be able to:Describe the features that characterized the earliest animals and when they appeared on earthExplain the significance of the Cambrian period for animal evolution and the changes in animal diversity that took place during that timeDescribe some of the unresolved questions surrounding the Cambrian explosionDiscuss the implications of mass animal extinctions that have occurred in evolutionary history

By the end of this section, you will be able to:Compare structural and organization characteristics of Porifera and CnidariaDescribe the progressive development of tissues and their relevance to animal complexity

By the end of this section, you will be able to:Describe the organizational features of the simplest multicellular organismsExplain the various body forms and bodily functions of sponges

By the end of this section, you will be able to:Describe the distinguishing characteristics of echinodermsDescribe the distinguishing characteristics of chordates

By the end of this section, you will be able to:Describe the structural organization of nematodesUnderstand the importance of Caenorhabditis elegans in researchCompare the internal systems and appendage specializations of phylum ArthropodaDiscuss the environmental importance of arthropodsDiscuss the reasons for arthropod success and abundance

By the end of this section, you will be able to:Describe the unique anatomical and morphological features of flatworms, rotifers, Nemertea, mollusks, and annelidsDescribe the development of an extracoelomic cavityDiscuss the advantages of true body segmentationExplain the key features of Platyhelminthes and their importance as parasitesDescribe the features of animals classified in phylum Annelida

By the end of this section, you will be able to:Identify bacterial diseases that caused historically important plagues and epidemicsDescribe the link between biofilms and foodborne diseasesExplain how overuse of antibiotic may be creating “super bugs”Explain the importance of MRSA with respect to the problems of antibiotic resistance

By the end of this section, you will be able to:Explain the need for nitrogen fixation and how it is accomplishedIdentify foods in which prokaryotes are used in the processingDescribe the use of prokaryotes in bioremediationDescribe the beneficial effects of bacteria that colonize our skin and digestive tracts

By the end of this section, you will be able to:Describe the evolutionary history of prokaryotesDiscuss the distinguishing features of extremophilesExplain why it is difficult to culture prokaryotes

By the end of this section, you will be able to:Identify the macronutrients needed by prokaryotes, and explain their importanceDescribe the ways in which prokaryotes get energy and carbon for life processesDescribe the roles of prokaryotes in the carbon and nitrogen cycles